effect of sublethal doses of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on functional response of diaeretiella rapae (hymenoptera: braconidae), parasitoid of lipaphis erysimi (hemiptera: aphididae)

the toxicity of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on diaeretiella rapae (mc'intosh) as a parasitoid of lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach), exposed to residues on glass vials, was investigated under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °c, 70 ± 5% rh and 16:8 h (l: d). moreover, in order to find the negative impacts of both insecticides on the efficiency of d. rapae, the functional response of the exposed parasitoids were assessed. the newly emerged parasitoids were exposed to lc25 of the insecticides and distilled water as control. host densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 and 64 were placed on canola seedlings in a transparent cylindrical container and were offered to the treated parasitoids. type of functional response was determined by means of logistic regression method and the parameters, attack rate (a) and handling time (th) were calculated by nonlinear regression model using sas software. the parasitoid exhibited type ii functional response in all experiments. attack rates in control, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam were 0.057 ± 0.01,0.059 ± 0.013 and 0.040 ± 0.01 h-1, and handling times were 1.097 ± 0.1, 1.86 ± 0.02, 2.81 ± 0.296 h, respectively. maximum rates of parasitism (t/th) were estimated 21.87, 12.9, 8.53 aphids, respectively. these observations suggest that pirimicarb with less harmful effects is the preferred candidate for controlling the mustard aphid.